The reviews differ somewhat in their inclusion criteria regarding age and parity, but they all concluded consistently that there was a higher prevalence of UI among female athletes compared to non-athletes. discussed strategies adopted by the athletes to manage their UI. Almousa and Bandin Van Loon included a secondary aim of exploring the knowledge and attitudes of female athletes regarding UI and de Mattos Lourenco et al. However, the main aim of these reviews has been the investigation of the prevalence of UI in female athletes. There have been a number of recent systematic reviews concerning PFD in female athletes. investigated the prevalence of UI in both female and male elite athletes and found an overall prevalence of 33% (45.1% in females, 14.7% in males) and that, whilst the prevalence of UI was 5.45 times greater in females, elite male athletes were also found to experience UI. UI during exercise is not uncommon and a higher prevalence has been observed among athletes engaged in high-impact sports including running and jumping. A need for additional research to improve the understanding of the impact of UI on the quality of life (QOL) of younger women was identified. The authors concluded that the preferences and expectations of women with UI should be considered and that the provision of healthcare should be personal and tailored. Findings from the 28 included studies were grouped into eight themes in the areas of: cultural and religious backgrounds effect on daily activities/social roles knowledge and nature of symptoms experiences of UI and sense of shame negative effects on intimacy, sexuality and sexual function UI seen as consequence of pregnancy/childbirth, aging or religious punishment strategies adopted by women affected by UI meeting of care needs and women’s personal preferences. conducted a systematic review of qualitative evidence regarding adult women’s experiences of UI. Many women find it embarrassing to discuss symptoms of PFD including continence problems with others and incontinence has been shown to negatively affect quality of life. Other symptoms of PFD include anorectal dysfunction (ARD), sexual dysfunction (SD), pelvic organ prolapse (POP) and pelvic pain. The International Urogynecological Association (IUGA) and the International Continence Society (ICS) define SUI as the ‘complaint of involuntary loss of urine on effort or physical exertion (e.g., sporting activities), or on sneezing or coughing’ and UUI as ‘complaint of involuntary loss of urine associated with urgency’. The most common types of UI include stress urinary incontinence (SUI) and urgency urinary incontinence (UUI). Urinary incontinence (UI), the PFD most commonly experienced by women, is defined as a ‘complaint of involuntary loss of urine’ and is a common complaint in women of all ages. Pelvic floor dysfunction (PFD) is a collection of signs, symptoms and conditions that affect the pelvic floor.
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